A couple reference requests

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A couple reference requests

2013-09-15 20:44:26

Hi folks, I'm trying to tie up a few loose ends in my mental 'paper-trails'. These are all relatively unrelated requests, I'm hoping folks are able to point me to relevant papers as I'm oddly not getting anywhere with Google or AES search.

1) The infamous Oohashi: several people, AES and here, have mentioned failed attempts to reproduce the results in Oohashi _Inaudible High-Frequency Sounds Affect Brain Activity: Hypersonic Effect_. Until recently, I'd simply been under the impression no one had attempted to reproduce them. Does anyone have first-hand knowledge of a failed attempt, and even better, a pointer to a paper or three?

2) R Lagadec: Long ago, Lagadec suggested that frequencies above the last hair cell are perceived only as energy with without pitch or feature, and thus the best way to construct the AA/AI filter was with cutoff right at Nyquist and a transition band that purposely 'polluted' the area between 20kHz and Nyquist after folding, with extra points for choosing a topology that appeared to result in perfectly flat energy all the way to Nyquist after adding in aliasing. it seems that up until the early 2000s, this was the preferred method. Why exactly did it fall out of favor to be replaced my AA/AI filters that roll off much earlier and try to be 80-100dB down at Nyquist?

3) J Dunn: _Anti-alias and anti-image filtering: The benefits of 96kHz sampling rate formats for those who cannot hear above 20kHz._ A slightly different slant on a different effect measured by Lagadec, namely, equiripple AA/AI filters causing a pre-image of the sampled signal. An interesting idea and analysis save for the problem I've never measured the effect, perhaps because I've only tried to do so in modern ADC/DACs. Has anyone followed up this and other related papers with any sort of 'that was then, this is now' paper that establishes it as relevant only to an obsolete generation of technology? Or _are_ there modern samplers with the problem?

4) Ashihara: These papers, eg _Hearing thresholds for pure tones above 16 kHz_ interest me at the moment because they're plausible and fit preexisting evidence at first glance. I have a few worries about the specific methodology, but I don't know that I'm qualified enough to make a complex evaluation without additional experimentation. Of course, others may have done it, so I'm interested in followups and replication-- Of which I can find none, only citations using it as an authority. Any help?

Sorry for the unrelated topic spam list. Please... school me!

A couple reference requests

Reply #1 – 2013-09-17 21:12:08

Quote from: xiphmont on 2013-09-15 20:44:26

1) The infamous Oohashi: several people, AES and here, have mentioned failed attempts to reproduce the results in Oohashi _Inaudible High-Frequency Sounds Affect Brain Activity: Hypersonic Effect_. Until recently, I'd simply been under the impression no one had attempted to reproduce them. Does anyone have first-hand knowledge of a failed attempt, and even better, a pointer to a paper or three?

This paper refutes Oohashi et al, and also explains what was wrong with their test (using one tweeter to reproduce multiple ultrasonic tones):

http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=10005

--Ethan

A couple reference requests

Reply #2 – 2014-10-15 05:59:32

Quote from: xiphmont on 2013-09-15 20:44:26

2) R Lagadec: Long ago, Lagadec suggested that frequencies above the last hair cell are perceived only as energy with without pitch or feature, and thus the best way to construct the AA/AI filter was with cutoff right at Nyquist and a transition band that purposely 'polluted' the area between 20kHz and Nyquist after folding, with extra points for choosing a topology that appeared to result in perfectly flat energy all the way to Nyquist after adding in aliasing. it seems that up until the early 2000s, this was the preferred method. Why exactly did it fall out of favor to be replaced my AA/AI filters that roll off much earlier and try to be 80-100dB down at Nyquist?

Not seen any papers on this but I'm guessing that the 1st stage of many a reconstruction filter was done using a 'polluting' half-band filter, simply because it was cheapest to implement. An equivalent non-polluting filter requires ~4x the implementation resource, but that comes at little or no cost after 3 years (according to Moore's law), and perhaps the marketeers thought that 'no aliasing' would sell well.

Quote

3) J Dunn: _Anti-alias and anti-image filtering: The benefits of 96kHz sampling rate formats for those who cannot hear above 20kHz._ A slightly different slant on a different effect measured by Lagadec, namely, equiripple AA/AI filters causing a pre-image of the sampled signal. An interesting idea and analysis save for the problem I've never measured the effect, perhaps because I've only tried to do so in modern ADC/DACs. Has anyone followed up this and other related papers with any sort of 'that was then, this is now' paper that establishes it as relevant only to an obsolete generation of technology? Or _are_ there modern samplers with the problem?

Dunn's analysis is correct AFAICT and easily demonstrable using Matlab etc., however Lagadec showed an audible effect only with what would equate to unrealistic filter parameters, and while Dunn throws a few realistic figures on to the table, as far as I know, no-one's demonstrated audibility with these or similar figures, so perhaps that's why there's little if any discussion of improvements in this area.

I suspect that modern converters ought not to suffer from the problem if only because of Moore's law again: the issue becomes potent only if, in order to save a few filter taps for a given stop-band attenuation, one is tempted to weight the equiripple pass-band error significantly less than that of the stop-band (otherwise, stop-band artefacts may also be audible), but these days, there should be no need to do so.

A couple reference requests

Reply #3 – 2014-10-15 16:48:13

Monty,

probably the most thorough route for #1 would be to seek out Oohashi's articles and use a citation index database to track down all references to them

I've done this using Web Of Science which does *not* index JAES in its database, unfortunately. So it's largely medical/biological citations

In bold are the Oohashi articles that are in Pubmed , and following each are the WoS citations . A number of the articles can be downloaded for free from Pubmed.

At the end I've tacked on cites to some rather strange research Oohashi has been involved in , not involving audio.

//
Modulatory effect of inaudible high-frequency sounds on human acoustic perception.
Yagi R, Nishina E, Honda M, Oohashi T.
Neurosci Lett. 2003 Nov 20;351(3):191-5.

cited by:
1.
High-resolution music with inaudible high-frequency components produces a lagged effect on human electroencephalographic activities
By: Kuribayashi, Ryuma; Yamamoto, Ryuta; Nittono, Hiroshi
NEUROREPORT Volume: 25 Issue: 9 Pages: 651-655 Published: JUN 18 2014


2.
Frequencies of Inaudible High-Frequency Sounds Differentially Affect Brain Activity: Positive and Negative Hypersonic Effects
By: Fukushima, Ariko; Yagi, Reiko; Kawai, Norie; et al.
PLOS ONE Volume: 9 Issue: 4 Article Number: e95464 Published: APR 30 2014

3.
Sustaining biological welfare for our future through consistent science
By: Shimomura, Yoshihiro; Katsuura, Tetsuo
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Volume: 32 Article Number: 1 Published: JAN 15 2013

4.
Acceleration of permeability barrier recovery by exposure of skin to 10-30 kHz sound
By: Denda, M.; Nakatani, M.
BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY Volume: 162 Issue: 3 Pages: 503-507 Published: MAR 2010
5.
Changes in Human EEG Alpha Activity Following Exposure to Two Different Pulsed Magnetic Field Sequences
By: Cook, C. M.; Saucier, D. M.; Thomas, A. W.; et al.
BIOELECTROMAGNETICS Volume: 30 Issue: 1 Pages: 9-20 Published: JAN 2009

6.
Electroencephalographic Based Hearing Identification using Back-Propagation Algorithm
By: Sudirman, R.; Seow, S. C.
Book Group Author(s): IEEE
Conference: IEEE Toronto International Conference on Science and Technology for Humanity Location: Toronto, CANADA Date: SEP 26-27, 2009
Sponsor(s): IEEE
IEEE TIC-STH 09: 2009 IEEE TORONTO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMANITY Pages: 991-995 Published: 2009


7.
The role of biological system other than auditory air-conduction in the emergence of the hypersonic effect
By: Oohashi, T; Kawai, N; Nishina, E; et al.
BRAIN RESEARCH Volume: 1073 Pages: 339-347 Published: FEB 16 2006

//
The role of biological system other than auditory air-conduction in the emergence of the hypersonic effect.
Oohashi T, Kawai N, Nishina E, Honda M, Yagi R, Nakamura S, Morimoto M, Maekawa T, Yonekura Y, Shibasaki H.
Brain Res. 2006 Feb 16;1073-1074:339-47. Epub 2006 Feb 2.

cited by:
1.
High-resolution music with inaudible high-frequency components produces a lagged effect on human electroencephalographic activities
By: Kuribayashi, Ryuma; Yamamoto, Ryuta; Nittono, Hiroshi
NEUROREPORT Volume: 25 Issue: 9 Pages: 651-655 Published: JUN 18 2014

2.
Frequencies of Inaudible High-Frequency Sounds Differentially Affect Brain Activity: Positive and Negative Hypersonic Effects
By: Fukushima, Ariko; Yagi, Reiko; Kawai, Norie; et al.
PLOS ONE Volume: 9 Issue: 4 Article Number: e95464 Published: APR 30 2014

3.
Sustaining biological welfare for our future through consistent science
By: Shimomura, Yoshihiro; Katsuura, Tetsuo
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Volume: 32 Article Number: 1 Published: JAN 15 2013

4.
Acceleration of permeability barrier recovery by exposure of skin to 10-30 kHz sound
By: Denda, M.; Nakatani, M.
BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY Volume: 162 Issue: 3 Pages: 503-507 Published: MAR 2010

5.
Human brain mapping: Hemodynamic response and electrophysiology
By: Shibasaki, Hiroshi
Conference: 28th International Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology Location: Edinburgh, SCOTLAND Date: SEP 10-14, 2006
CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Volume: 119 Issue: 4 Pages: 731-743 Published: APR 2008

//

Frequencies of inaudible high-frequency sounds differentially affect brain activity: positive and negative hypersonic effects.
Fukushima A, Yagi R, Kawai N, Honda M, Nishina E, Oohashi T.
PLoS One. 2014 Apr 30;9(4):e95464. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095464. eCollection 2014.

no citations yet

//

Odd research into immortality :

An effective hierarchical model for the biomolecular covalent bond: an approach integrating artificial chemistry and an actual terrestrial life system.
Oohashi T, Ueno O, Maekawa T, Kawai N, Nishina E, Honda M.
Artif Life. 2009 Winter;15(1):29-58. doi: 10.1162/artl.2009.15.1.15103.
PMID: 18855570 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Evolutionary acquisition of a mortal genetic program: the origin of an altruistic gene.
Oohashi T, Maekawa T, Ueno O, Kawai N, Nishina E, Honda M.
Artif Life. 2014 Winter;20(1):95-110. doi: 10.1162/ARTL_a_00098. Epub 2013 Feb 1.
PMID: 23373980 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Abstract: As part of our research on programmed self-decomposition, we formed the hypothesis that originally immortal terrestrial organisms evolve into ones that are programmed for autonomous death. We then conducted evolutionary simulation experiments in which we examined this hypothesis using an artificial ecosystem that we designed to resemble a terrestrial ecosystem endowed with artificial chemistry. Notable results corroborating our hypothesis were obtained, which showed that mortal organisms emerged from indigenous immortal organisms through mutation; such mortal organisms survived and left behind offspring, albeit very rarely, and, having survived, surpassed immortal organisms without exception. In this article, we report the details of the above findings and also discuss a background framework we previously constructed for approaching altruism.

And some work on "possession trances":

Electroencephalographic measurement of possession trance in the field.
Oohashi T, Kawai N, Honda M, Nakamura S, Morimoto M, Nishina E, Maekawa T.
Clin Neurophysiol. 2002 Mar;113(3):435-45.
PMID: 11897544 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A couple reference requests

Reply #4 – 2014-10-15 17:05:36

here are some citations that I grabbed from SCOPUS (I'm showing only the citations that were not authored by Oohashi). Alas SCOPUS also appears not to index JAES.

Modulatory effect of inaudible high-frequency sounds on human acoustic perception
Yagi R., Nishina E., Honda M., Oohashi T.
(2003) Neuroscience Letters, 351 (3) , pp. 191-195.

cirted by:
Kuribayashi, R.a , Yamamoto, R.b , Nittono, H.a
High-resolution music with inaudible high-frequency components produces a lagged effect on human electroencephalographic activities
(2014) NeuroReport, 25 (9), pp. 657-661.
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?ei...872d04cc14d717b
AFFILIATIONS: Cognitive Psychophysiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan;
DigiFusion Japan Co. Ltd, Hiroshima, Japan
ABSTRACT: High-quality digital sound sources with inaudible high-frequency components (above 20 kHz) have become available because of recent advances in information technology. Listening to such sounds has been shown to increase the α-band power of an electroencephalogram (EEG). The present study scrutinized the time course of this effect by recording EEG along with autonomic measures (skin conductance level and heart rate) and facial electromyograms (corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major). Twenty university students (19-24 years old) listened to two types of a 200-s musical excerpt (J. S. Bach's French Suite No. 5) with or without inaudible high-frequency components using a double-blind method. They were asked to rate the sound quality and to judge which excerpt contained high-frequency components. High-α EEG power (10.5-13 Hz) was larger for the excerpt with high-frequency components than for the excerpt without them. This effect was statistically significant only in the last quarter of the period (150-200 s). Participants were not able to distinguish between the excerpts, which did not produce any discernible differences in subjective, autonomic, and facial muscle measures. This study shows that inaudible high-frequency components have an impact on human brain activity without conscious awareness. Unlike a standard test for sound quality, at least 150 s of exposure is required to examine this effect in future research. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: A power; Autonomic nervous system; Electroencephalogram; Facial electromyogram; Hypersonic effect; Music; Sound quality
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
SOURCE: Scopus

Nishina, E.a , Morimoto, M.b , Kawai, N.c , Yagi, R.c , Honda, M.b , Oohashi, T.c
Hypersonic sounds - A new dimension of digital acoustics indicated by balinese traditional gamelan music
(2010) Proceedings - APCHI-ERGOFUTURE 2010, pp. 1-6.
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?ei...ac5efb47e0dc7a8
AFFILIATIONS: Open University of Japan, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Chiba, Japan;
National Institute of Neuroscience, Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan;
Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tokyo, Japan
ABSTRACT: We discovered that the sound of the Balinese traditional Gamelan music is a typical example of "the hypersonic sounds," that is the sounds including rich high-frequency components above 20kHz, the upper limit of the human audible range, which intricately fluctuate and often reach as high as 100kHz. So, we chose gamelan music as an experimental material for our physiological and psychological study. Our results showed that only when both audible sounds and inaudible high frequencies are presented together, the whole network of the fundamental brain significantly activated. This would indicate that the reward system in the brain responsible for beauty and pleasure, and the homeostasis control system responsible for health, are activated simultaneously. Only audible sounds, or only inaudible high frequency components, cannot bring about such effects. It occurs only by means of their interaction. Furthermore, as a multiplier effect brought about through the activation of fundamental brain, a variety of positive responses were revealed, such as an increase in immune activity, a decrease in stress hormones, enhancement of alpha-EEG (electroencephalogram), enhanced perception of beauty and pleasure, and preferential behavior with regard to the sounds engendered, and so forth. We have called these phenomena collectively "the hypersonic effect".
DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper
SOURCE: Scopus

Sudirman, R., Koh, A.C., Safri, N.M., Daud, W.B., Mahmood, N.H.
EEG different frequency sound response identification using neural network and fuzzy techniques
(2010) Proceedings - CSPA 2010: 2010 6th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, art. no. 5545237, . Cited 1 time.
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?ei...4e9c84cfec5d123
AFFILIATIONS: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johore, Malaysia
ABSTRACT: Electroencephalographic (EEG) technology has enabled effective measurement of human brain activity, as functional and physiological changes within the brain may be registered by EEG signals. In this paper, electrical activity of human brain due to sound waves of different frequency, i.e. 40 Hz, 500 Hz, 5000 Hz and 15000 Hz, is studied based on EEG signals. Several signal processing techniques, i.e. Principle Component algorithm, Discrete Wavelet Transform and Fast Fourier Transform, are applied onto the raw EEG signal to extract useful information and specific characteristics from the EEG signals. This research has shown that the characteristics of EEG signals differ with respect to different frequency of sound waves, and hence the EEG signal can be identified with suitable characterization algorithm using artificial intelligent techniques, such as Artificial neural network, fuzzy logic and adaptive neuro-fuzzy system. © 2010 IEEE.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Artificial intelligent; EEG; Signal processing; Sound wave
DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper
SOURCE: Scopus

Sudirman, R., Chee, A.K., Daud, W.B.
Modeling of EEG signal sound frequency characteristic using time frequency analysis
(2010) AMS2010: Asia Modelling Symposium 2010 - 4th International Conference on Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation, art. no. 5489225, pp. 221-226.
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?ei...673da6c7edae893
AFFILIATIONS: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johore, Malaysia
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the study of sound frequency characteristic based on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. The study includes feature extraction of the EEG signals with respect to different sound frequencies, covering low frequency (40 Hz), mid-range frequency (5000 Hz), and high frequency (15000 Hz). Human brain activities are expected to be different when exposed to different sound frequencies, and can be shown through EEG signals. In this paper, EEG signal characterization is done using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), moving average filters, and simple artefact filtering with reference EEG data per individual. Based on the characteristics of the EEG signal, the sound frequency can be categorized and identified using the proposed method. © 2010 IEEE.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Artifact filtering; ECG signal; Fast Fourier Transform; Moving average filter; Sound frequency
DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper
SOURCE: Scopus

Denda, M., Nakatani, M.
Acceleration of permeability barrier recovery by exposure of skin to 10-30 kHz sound
(2010) British Journal of Dermatology, 162 (3), pp. 503-507. Cited 3 times.
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?ei...1f77f6b4c04b895
AFFILIATIONS: Shiseido Innovative Science Research, Development Center, 2-12-1 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8643, Japan
ABSTRACT: Background Previous reports show that ultrasound can influence human brain electrical activity and systemic hormone levels in various parts of the body, other than the ear, so there may be an unknown ultrasound-responsive system in humans. Objectives In the present study, we examined the effects of sound on skin permeability barrier homeostasis. Methods We broke the skin barrier of hairless mice by tape stripping, and then exposed the skin to sound for 1 h to evaluate the effect on barrier recovery rate. Results Exposure of skin to sound at frequencies of 10, 20 and 30 kHz for 1 h accelerated barrier recovery, and 20 kHz sound induced the fastest recovery. Application of 5 kHz sound had no effect on barrier recovery rate. Significant acceleration was observed even when the sound source was located 3 cm away from the skin surface. The recovery rate depended on the sound pressure. An electron-microscopic study indicated that lamellar body secretion between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum was increased by exposure to sound at 20 kHz. Conclusions These results suggest that epidermal keratinocytes might be influenced by ultrasound in a manner that results in modulation of epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. © 2009 British Association of Dermatologists.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Acoustic; Epidermis; Keratinocyte; Stratum corneum
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
SOURCE: Scopus

Sudirman, R., Seow, S.C.
Electroencephalographic based hearing identification using back-propagation algorithm
(2009) TIC-STH'09: 2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference - Science and Technology for Humanity, art. no. 5444351, pp. 991-995. Cited 4 times.
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?ei...6d4d542d0c9b3cd
AFFILIATIONS: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johore, Malaysia
ABSTRACT: Electroencephalographic (EEG) based hearing identification using artificial intelligent is an application between human's cognitive ability (hearing), EEG technology and artificial intelligent. EEG signals which are produced when a subject listen to an audible sounds with particular frequency will be recorded using Neurofax EEG-9200 device for further analysis. The EEG signals are the sources for this research; used to train a 21 layers feed-forward back-propagation neural network (NN) in order to recognize the patterns of the brain wave. The EEG signals are analyzed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and filtering techniques available in Matlab. Furthermore, the well trained network can recognise the brain signal effectively. A graphic user interface (GUI) has been developed to display the digitalised brain signal and identification result. The result showed that the NN algorithm was able to process the EEG data to identify the sound frequency perceived by the subjects. ©2009 IEEE.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Artificial intelligent; Back-propagation neural network; Electroencephalographic; Hearing threshold
DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference Paper
SOURCE: Scopus

Cook, C.M.a d , Saucier, D.M.a , Thomas, A.W.b , Prato, F.S.b c
Changes in human EEG alpha activity following exposure to two different pulsed magnetic field sequences
(2009) Bioelectromagnetics, 30 (1), pp. 9-20. Cited 16 times.
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?ei...3a79b02f5aec43d
AFFILIATIONS: Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada;
Department of Medical Imaging, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario and St Joseph's Health Care, London, ON, Canada;
Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada;
Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr., Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
ABSTRACT: The present study investigates the effects of a weak (±200 μTpk), pulsed, extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) upon the human electroencephalogram (EEG). We have previously determined that exposure to pulsed ELF MFs can affect the EEG, notably the alpha frequency (8-13 Hz) over the occipital-parietal region of the scalp. In the present study, subjects (n = 32) were exposed to two different pulsed MF sequences (1 and 2, used previously) that differed in presentation rate, in order to examine the effects upon the alpha frequency of the human EEG. Results suggest that compared to sham exposure, alpha activity was lowered over the occipital-parietal regions of the brain during exposure to Sequence 1, while alpha activity over the same regions was higher after Sequence 2 exposure. These effects occurred after approximately 5 min of pulsed MF exposure. The results also suggest that a previous exposure to the pulsed MF sequence determined subjects' responses in the present experiment. This study supports our previous observation of EEG changes after 5 min pulsed ELF MF exposure. The results of this study are also consistent with existing EEG experiments of ELF MF and mobile phone effects upon the brain. Bioelectromagnetics 30:9-20, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Alpha; EEG; Electromagnetic field; ELF; Occipital
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
SOURCE: Scopus

//

The role of biological system other than auditory air-conduction in the emergence of the hypersonic effect
Oohashi T., Kawai N., Nishina E., Honda M., Yagi R., Nakamura S., Morimoto M., (...), Shibasaki H.
(2006) Brain Research, 1073-1074 (1) , pp. 339-347.

cited by:
Shibasaki, H.
Human brain mapping: Hemodynamic response and electrophysiology
(2008) Clinical Neurophysiology, 119 (4), pp. 731-743. Cited 74 times.
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?ei...84dc9b601b512c7
AFFILIATIONS: Takeda General Hospital, Ishida, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 601-1495, Japan
ABSTRACT: In view of the recent advance in functional neuroimaging, the current status of non-invasive techniques applied for human brain mapping was reviewed by integrating two principles: hemodynamic and electrophysiological, from the viewpoint of clinical neurophysiology. The currently available functional neuroimaging techniques based on hemodynamic principles are functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Electrophysiological techniques include electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). As for the coupling between hemodynamic response and neuronal activity (neurovascular coupling), experimental studies suggest that the hemodynamic response is significantly correlated to neuronal activity, especially local field potential (synaptic activity) rather than spiking activity, within a certain range. The hemodynamic response tends to be more widespread in space and lasts longer in time as compared with the neuronal activity. Since each technique has its own characteristic features especially in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, it is important to adopt the most appropriate technique for solving each specific question, and it is useful to combine two techniques either simultaneously or in separate sessions. As for the multi-modal approach, the combined use of EEG and MEG, EEG and PET, or EEG and fMRI is applied for the simultaneous studies, and for the separate use of two different techniques, the information obtained from fMRI is used for estimating the generator source from EEG or MEG data (fMRI-constrained source estimation). Functional connectivity among different brain areas can be studied by using a single technique such as the EEG coherence or the correlation analysis of fMRI or PET data, or by combining the stimulation technique such as TMS with neuroimaging. Further advance of each technology and improvement in the analysis method will promote the understanding of precise functional specialization and inter-areal coupling, and will contribute to the increased efficacy of rapidly developing physiological treatments of neurological and psychiatric disorders. © 2007 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Electrophysiology; Functional neuroimaging; Hemodynamic response; Human brain mapping; Neurovascular coupling
DOCUMENT TYPE: Review
SOURCE: Scopus

Lenhardt, M.L.a b
Eyes as fenestrations to the ears: A novel mechanism for high-frequency and ultrasonic hearing
(2007) International Tinnitus Journal, 13 (1), pp. 3-10. Cited 3 times.
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?ei...e07661cc255481e
AFFILIATIONS: Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Otolaryngology, and Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States;
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980168 MCV, Richmond, VA 23298-0168, United States
ABSTRACT: Intense airborne ultrasound has been associated with hearing loss, tinnitus, and various nonauditory subjective effects, such as headaches, dizziness, and fullness in the ear. Yet, when people detect ultrasonic components in music, ultrasound adds to the pleasantness of the perception and evokes changes in the brain as measured in electroencephalograms, behavior, and imaging. How does the airborne ultrasound get into the ear to create such polar-opposite human effects? Surprisingly, ultrasound passes first through the eyes; thus, the eye becomes but another window into the inner ear.
AUTHOR KEYWORDS: Eye; Hearing loss; Music; Tinnitus; Ultrasound
DOCUMENT TYPE: Article
SOURCE: Scopus

A couple reference requests

Reply #5 – 2014-10-15 17:14:20

andonefinal dump from Web of Science

J Neurophysiol. 2000 Jun;83(6):3548-58.
Inaudible high-frequency sounds affect brain activity: hypersonic effect.
Oohashi T1, Nishina E, Honda M, Yonekura Y, Fuwamoto Y, Kawai N, Maekawa T, Nakamura S, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H.

cited by:
Record 1 of 23
Title: High-resolution music with inaudible high-frequency components produces a lagged effect on human electroencephalographic activities
Author(s): Kuribayashi, R (Kuribayashi, Ryuma); Yamamoto, R (Yamamoto, Ryuta); Nittono, H (Nittono, Hiroshi)
Source: NEUROREPORT Volume: 25 Issue: 9 Pages: 651-655 DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000151 Published: JUN 18 2014
Abstract: High-quality digital sound sources with inaudible high-frequency components (above 20 kHz) have become available because of recent advances in information technology. Listening to such sounds has been shown to increase the a-band power of an electroencephalogram (EEG). The present study scrutinized the time course of this effect by recording EEG along with autonomic measures (skin conductance level and heart rate) and facial electromyograms (corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major). Twenty university students (19-24 years old) listened to two types of a 200-s musical excerpt (J. S. Bach's French Suite No. 5) with or without inaudible high-frequency components using a double-blind method. They were asked to rate the sound quality and to judge which excerpt contained high-frequency components. High-a EEG power (10.5-13 Hz) was larger for the excerpt with high-frequency components than for the excerpt without them. This effect was statistically significant only in the last quarter of the period (150-200 s). Participants were not able to distinguish between the excerpts, which did not produce any discernible differences in subjective, autonomic, and facial muscle measures. This study shows that inaudible high-frequency components have an impact on human brain activity without conscious awareness. Unlike a standard test for sound quality, at least 150 s of exposure is required to examine this effect in future research. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Record 2 of 23
Title: Frequencies of Inaudible High-Frequency Sounds Differentially Affect Brain Activity: Positive and Negative Hypersonic Effects
Author(s): Fukushima, A (Fukushima, Ariko); Yagi, R (Yagi, Reiko); Kawai, N (Kawai, Norie); Honda, M (Honda, Manabu); Nishina, E (Nishina, Emi); Oohashi, T (Oohashi, Tsutomu)
Source: PLOS ONE Volume: 9 Issue: 4 Article Number: e95464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095464 Published: APR 30 2014
Abstract: The hypersonic effect is a phenomenon in which sounds containing significant quantities of non-stationary high-frequency components (HFCs) above the human audible range (max. 20 kHz) activate the midbrain and diencephalon and evoke various physiological, psychological and behavioral responses. Yet important issues remain unverified, especially the relationship existing between the frequency of HFCs and the emergence of the hypersonic effect. In this study, to investigate the relationship between the hypersonic effect and HFC frequencies, we divided an HFC (above 16 kHz) of recorded gamelan music into 12 band components and applied them to subjects along with an audible component (below 16 kHz) to observe changes in the alpha2 frequency component (10-13 Hz) of spontaneous EEGs measured from centroparieto-occipital regions (Alpha-2 EEG), which we previously reported as an index of the hypersonic effect. Our results showed reciprocal directional changes in Alpha-2 EEGs depending on the frequency of the HFCs presented with audible low-frequency component (LFC). When an HFC above approximately 32 kHz was applied, Alpha-2 EEG increased significantly compared to when only audible sound was applied (positive hypersonic effect), while, when an HFC below approximately 32 kHz was applied, the Alpha-2 EEG decreased (negative hypersonic effect). These findings suggest that the emergence of the hypersonic effect depends on the frequencies of inaudible HFC.

Record 3 of 23
Title: Single-trial analysis of the neural correlates of speech quality perception
Author(s): Porbadnigk, AK (Porbadnigk, Anne K.); Treder, MS (Treder, Matthias S.); Blankertz, B (Blankertz, Benjamin); Antons, JN (Antons, Jan-Niklas); Schleicher, R (Schleicher, Robert); Moller, S (Moeller, Sebastian); Curio, G (Curio, Gabriel); Muller, KR (Mueller, Klaus-Robert)
Source: JOURNAL OF NEURAL ENGINEERING Volume: 10 Issue: 5 Article Number: 056003 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/10/5/056003 Published: OCT 2013
Abstract: Objective. Assessing speech quality perception is a challenge typically addressed in behavioral and opinion-seeking experiments. Only recently, neuroimaging methods were introduced, which were used to study the neural processing of quality at group level. However, our electroencephalography (EEG) studies show that the neural correlates of quality perception are highly individual. Therefore, it became necessary to establish dedicated machine learning methods for decoding subject-specific effects. Approach. The effectiveness of our methods is shown by the data of an EEG study that investigates how the quality of spoken vowels is processed neurally. Participants were asked to indicate whether they had perceived a degradation of quality (signal-correlated noise) in vowels, presented in an oddball paradigm. Main results. We find that the P3 amplitude is attenuated with increasing noise. Single-trial analysis allows one to show that this is partly due to an increasing jitter of the P3 component. A novel classification approach helps to detect trials with presumably non-conscious processing at the threshold of perception. We show that this approach uncovers a non-trivial confounder between neural hits and neural misses. Significance. The combined use of EEG signals and machine learning methods results in a significant 'neural' gain in sensitivity (in processing quality loss) when compared to standard behavioral evaluation; averaged over 11 subjects, this amounts to a relative improvement in sensitivity of 35%.

Record 4 of 23
Title: MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY OF DEEP LYING AUDITORY SOURCES USING ACOUSTICAL DEVICES FOR INFRA- AND ULTRASOUND STIMULATION
Author(s): Bauer, M (Bauer, M.); Baker, C (Baker, C.); Barham, R (Barham, R.); Hensel, J (Hensel, J.); Kling, C (Kling, C.); Trahms, L (Trahms, L.); Koch, C (Koch, C.); Sander, T (Sander, T.)
Source: BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-BIOMEDIZINISCHE TECHNIK Volume: 58 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2013-4135 Supplement: 1 Published: AUG 2013
Abstract: A possible perception of inaudible sound by human subjects remains an open question relevant for public health and in the workplace. Perception in the brain can be studied by magnetoencephalography (MEG), which is a direct method to measure neuronal activity. As brain magnetic fields are extremely weak severe technical design constraints need to be fulfilled by peripheral devices such as acoustic transducers.
Here the development and first tests of acoustical devices to deliver infra- and ultrasound for magnetoencephalography (MEG) are described. Furthermore there are several brain centres activated by auditory stimuli with the earliest activated centre lying deep in the brain. To validate measurements a biomagnetic phantom to characterize deep lying sources is discussed.

Record 5 of 23
Title: Spontaneous Slow Fluctuation of EEG Alpha Rhythm Reflects Activity in Deep-Brain Structures: A Simultaneous EEG-fMRI Study
Author(s): Omata, K (Omata, Kei); Hanakawa, T (Hanakawa, Takashi); Morimoto, M (Morimoto, Masako); Honda, M (Honda, Manabu)
Source: PLOS ONE Volume: 8 Issue: 6 Article Number: e66869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066869 Published: JUN 18 2013
Abstract: The emergence of the occipital alpha rhythm on brain electroencephalogram (EEG) is associated with brain activity in the cerebral neocortex and deep brain structures. To further understand the mechanisms of alpha rhythm power fluctuation, we performed simultaneous EEGs and functional magnetic resonance imaging recordings in human subjects during a resting state and explored the dynamic relationship between alpha power fluctuation and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals of the brain. Based on the frequency characteristics of the alpha power time series (APTS) during 20-minute EEG recordings, we divided the APTS into two components: fast fluctuation (0.04-0.167 Hz) and slow fluctuation (0-0.04 Hz). Analysis of the correlation between the MRI signal and each component revealed that the slow fluctuation component of alpha power was positively correlated with BOLD signal changes in the brain stem and the medial part of the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex, while the fast fluctuation component was correlated with the lateral part of the thalamus and the anterior cingulate cortex, but not the brain stem. In summary, these data suggest that different subcortical structures contribute to slow and fast modulations of alpha spectra on brain EEG.

Record 6 of 23
Title: Sustaining biological welfare for our future through consistent science
Author(s): Shimomura, Y (Shimomura, Yoshihiro); Katsuura, T (Katsuura, Tetsuo)
Source: JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Volume: 32 Article Number: 1 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-32-1 Published: JAN 15 2013
Abstract: Physiological anthropology presently covers a very broad range of human knowledge and engineering technologies. This study reviews scientific inconsistencies within a variety of areas: sitting posture; negative air ions; oxygen inhalation; alpha brain waves induced by music and ultrasound; 1/f fluctuations; the evaluation of feelings using surface electroencephalography; Kansei; universal design; and anti-stress issues. We found that the inconsistencies within these areas indicate the importance of integrative thinking and the need to maintain the perspective on the biological benefit to humanity. Analytical science divides human physiological functions into discrete details, although individuals comprise a unified collection of whole-body functions. Such disparate considerations contribute to the misunderstanding of physiological functions and the misevaluation of positive and negative values for humankind. Research related to human health will, in future, depend on the concept of maintaining physiological functions based on consistent science and on sustaining human health to maintain biological welfare in future generations.

Record 8 of 23
Title: Affection of Fundamental Brain Activity By Using Sounds For Patients With Prosodic Disorders: A Pilot Study
Author(s): Imai, E (Imai, Emiko); Katagiri, Y (Katagiri, Yoshitada); Seki, K (Seki, Keiko); Kawamata, T (Kawamata, Toshio)
Edited by: Pham TD; Zhou X; Tanaka H; OyamaHiga M; Jiang X; Sun C; Kowalski J; Jia X
Source: 2011 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR LIFE SCIENCES (CMLS-11) Book Series: AIP Conference Proceedings Volume: 1371 Pages: 345-346 DOI: 10.1063/1.3596661 Published: 2011
Abstract: We present a neural model of the production of modulated speech streams in the brain, referred to as prosody, which indicates the limbic structure essential for producing prosody both linguistically and emotionally. This model suggests that activating the fundamental brain including monoamine neurons at the basal ganglia will potentially contribute to helping patients with prosodic disorders coming from functional defects of the fundamental brain to overcome their speech problem. To establish effective clinical treatment for such prosodic disorders, we examine how sounds affect the fundamental activity by using electroencephalographic measurements. Throughout examinations with various melodious sounds, we found that some melodies with lilting rhythms successfully give rise to the fast alpha rhythms at the electroencephalogram which reflect the fundamental brain activity without any negative feelings.

Record 9 of 23
Title: Cruel Vibrations: Sounding Out Antonin Artaud's Production of Les Cenci
Author(s): Curtin, A (Curtin, Adrian)
Source: THEATRE RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL Volume: 35 Issue: 3 Pages: 250-262 DOI: 10.1017/S0307883310000568 Published: OCT 2010
Abstract: This article examines the sonic elements of Antonin Artaud's 1935 production of Les Cenci, Artaud's infamous attempt to realize his proposed 'theatre of cruelty: The aim is to qualify the critical opinion that Artaud was a failed theatre practitioner by analysing the conceptual complexity and potential effectiveness of the sound design for this production. Artaud utilized new sonic technologies and an aesthetic arguably derived in part from Balinese gamelan music to affect audience members on a physiological level, prefiguring the vibrational force and ultrasonic ambitions of modern sonic warfare. This analysis engages a range of primary and secondary materials, including an extant recording of music and sound effects used for the production, and is situated with reference to an estimated acoustic 'horizon of expectations' of Artatid's audiences and to neuroscientific conceptions of how the brain processes auditory input.

Record 10 of 23
Title: Acceleration of permeability barrier recovery by exposure of skin to 10-30 kHz sound
Author(s): Denda, M (Denda, M.); Nakatani, M (Nakatani, M.)
Source: BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY Volume: 162 Issue: 3 Pages: 503-507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09509.x Published: MAR 2010
Abstract: Background Previous reports show that ultrasound can influence human brain electrical activity and systemic hormone levels in various parts of the body, other than the ear, so there may be an unknown ultrasound-responsive system in humans.
Objectives In the present study, we examined the effects of sound on skin permeability barrier homeostasis.
Methods We broke the skin barrier of hairless mice by tape stripping, and then exposed the skin to sound for 1 h to evaluate the effect on barrier recovery rate.
Results Exposure of skin to sound at frequencies of 10, 20 and 30 kHz for 1 h accelerated barrier recovery, and 20 kHz sound induced the fastest recovery. Application of 5 kHz sound had no effect on barrier recovery rate. Significant acceleration was observed even when the sound source was located 3 cm away from the skin surface. The recovery rate depended on the sound pressure. An electron-microscopic study indicated that lamellar body secretion between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum was increased by exposure to sound at 20 kHz.
Conclusions These results suggest that epidermal keratinocytes might be influenced by ultrasound in a manner that results in modulation of epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis.

Record 11 of 23
Title: Perceptual discrimination of very high frequency components in wide frequency range musical sound
Author(s): Nishiguchi, T (Nishiguchi, Toshiyuki); Hamasaki, K (Hamasaki, Kimio); Ono, K (Ono, Kazuho); Iwaki, M (Iwaki, Masakazu); Ando, A (Ando, Akio)
Source: APPLIED ACOUSTICS Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 921-934 DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2009.01.002 Published: JUL 2009
Abstract: Subjective evaluation tests oil perceptual discrimination between musical sounds with and without very high frequency (above 20 kHz) components were conducted. To make a precise evaluation, the test system was designed to exclude any influence from very high frequency components in the audible frequency range. Moreover, a newly developed very wide frequency range microphone was used to record various sound stimuli that contained enough components in the very high frequency range. Tests showed that the subjects could discriminate between musical sounds with and without very high frequency components. This paper describes these subjective evaluations in terms of reproducing such very high frequency components in musical Sound. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Record 12 of 23
Title: Ultrasound Influence on Impression Evaluation of Music
Author(s): Higuchi, M (Higuchi, Masakazu); Nakamura, M (Nakamura, Mitsuteru); Toraichi, Y (Toraichi, Yasuhiro); Toraichi, K (Toraichi, Kazuo); Morooka, Y (Morooka, Yasuo); Katagishi, K (Katagishi, Kazuki); Otsu, N (Otsu, Nobuyuki); Murakami, H (Murakami, Hitomi)
Book Group Author(s): IEEE
Source: 2009 IEEE PACIFIC RIM CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOLS 1 AND 2 Pages: 709-714 DOI: 10.1109/PACRIM.2009.5291285 Published: 2009
Abstract: We have investigated whether ultrasound changes our audible impressions when we listen to music or not. To solve this question, we verify that there might be a mechanism perceiving ultrasound by a physiological pre-experiment, and review discrepancy in subjective estimations for two kinds of sounds played back with and without ultrasound by a psychological experiment. In this paper, we study whether we can distinguish between the two of those sounds by subjective estimations or not by using discriminant analysis in multivariate analysis technique. As a result, we discriminated those two kinds of sounds with a high rate on drum music. This result suggests that ultrasound affects our audible impressions when we listen to music.

Record 13 of 23
Title: Changes in Human EEG Alpha Activity Following Exposure to Two Different Pulsed Magnetic Field Sequences
Author(s): Cook, CM (Cook, C. M.); Saucier, DM (Saucier, D. M.); Thomas, AW (Thomas, A. W.); Prato, FS (Prato, F. S.)
Source: BIOELECTROMAGNETICS Volume: 30 Issue: 1 Pages: 9-20 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20434 Published: JAN 2009
Abstract: The present study investigates the effects of a weak (+/- 200 mu T(pk)), pulsed, extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) upon the human electroencephalogram (EEG). We have previously determined that exposure to pulsed ELF MFs can affect the EEG, notably the alpha frequency (8-13 Hz) over the occipital-parietal region of the scalp. In the present study, Subjects (n = 32) were exposed to two different pulsed MF sequences (1 and 2. used previously) that differed in presentation rate, in order to examine the effects upon the alpha frequency of the human EEG. Results suggest that compared to sham exposure, alpha activity was lowered over the occipital-parietal regions of the brain during exposure to Sequence 1, while alpha activity over the same regions was higher after Sequence 2 exposure. These effects occurred after approximately 5 min of pulsed MF exposure. The results also suggest that a previous exposure to the pulsed MF sequence determined subjects' responses in the present experiment. This study supports our previous observation of EEG changes after 5 min pulsed ELF MF exposure. The results of this study are also consistent with existing EEG experiments of ELF MF and mobile phone effects upon the brain. Bioelectromagnetics 30:9-20, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Record 14 of 23
Title: Electroencephalographic Based Hearing Identification using Back-Propagation Algorithm
Author(s): Sudirman, R (Sudirman, R.); Seow, SC (Seow, S. C.)
Book Group Author(s): IEEE
Source: IEEE TIC-STH 09: 2009 IEEE TORONTO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMANITY Pages: 991-995 Published: 2009
Abstract: Electroencephalographic (EEG) based hearing identification using artificial intelligent is an application between human's cognitive ability (hearing), EEG technology and artificial intelligent. EEG signals which are produced when a subject listen to an audible sounds with particular frequency will be recorded using Neurofax EEG-9200 device for further analysis. The EEG signals are the sources for this research; used to train a 21 layers feed-forward back-propagation neural network (NN) in order to recognize the patterns of the brain wave. The EEG signals are analyzed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and filtering techniques available in Matlab. Furthermore, the well trained network can recognise the brain signal effectively. A graphic user interface (GUI) has been developed to display the digitalised brain signal and identification result. The result showed that the NN algorithm was able to process the EEG data to identify the sound frequency perceived by the subjects.

Record 15 of 23
Title: Chronobiology - as a foundation for and an approach to a new understanding of the influence of music
Author(s): Balzer, HU (Balzer, Hans-Ullrich)
Edited by: Haas R; Brandes V
Source: MUSIC THAT WORKS Pages: 25-82 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-75121-3_3 Published: 2009

Record 16 of 23
Title: Simultaneous functional near-infrared brain imaging and event-related potential studies of Stroop effect
Author(s): Zhai, JH (Zhai, Jiahuan); Li, T (Li, Ting); Zhang, ZX (Zhang, Zhongxing); Gong, H (Gong, Hui)
Edited by: Kollias N; Choi B; Zeng H; Malek RS; Wong BJF; Ilgner JFR; Gregory KW; Tearney GJ; Marcu L; Hirschberg H; Madsen SJ
Source: PHOTONIC THERAPEUTICS AND DIAGNOSTICS V Book Series: Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering Volume: 7161 Article Number: 71613D DOI: 10.1117/12.811242 Published: 2009
Abstract: Functional near-infrared brain imaging (fNIRI) and event-related potential (ERP) were used simultaneous to detect the prefrontal cortex (PFC) which is considered to execute cognitive control of the subjects while performing the Chinese characters color-word matching Stroop task with event-related design. The fNIRI instrument is a portable system operating at three wavelengths (735nm & 805nm & 850nm) with continuous-wave. The event-related potentials were acquired by Neuroscan system. The locations of optodes corresponding to the electrodes were defined four areas symmetrically. In nine native Chinese-speaking fit volunteers, fNIRI measured the hemodynamic parameters (involving oxy-/deoxy-hemoglobin) changes when the characteristic waveforms (N500/P600) were recorded by ERP. The interference effect was obvious as a longer reaction time for incongruent than congruent and neutral stimulus. The responses of hemodynamic and electrophysiology were also stronger during incongruent compared to congruent and neutral trials, and these results are similar to those obtained with fNIRI or ERP separately. There are high correlations, even linear relationship, in the two kinds of signals. In conclusion, the multi-modality approach combining of fNIRI and ERP is feasible and could obtain more cognitive function information with hemodynamic and electrophysiology signals. It also provides a perspective to prove the neurovascular coupling mechanism.

Record 17 of 23
Title: Human brain mapping: Hemodynamic response and electrophysiology
Author(s): Shibasaki, H (Shibasaki, Hiroshi)
Source: CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Volume: 119 Issue: 4 Pages: 731-743 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.10.026 Published: APR 2008
Abstract: In view of the recent advance in functional neuroimaging, the current status of non-invasive techniques applied for human brain mapping was reviewed by integrating two principles: hemodynamic and electrophysiological, from the viewpoint of clinical neurophysiology. The currently available functional neuroimaging techniques based on hemodynamic principles are functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Electrophysiological techniques include electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). As for the coupling between hemodynamic response and neuronal activity (neurovascular coupling), experimental studies suggest that the hemodynamic response is significantly correlated to neuronal activity, especially local field potential (synaptic activity) rather than spiking activity, within a certain range. The hemodynamic response tends to be more widespread in space and lasts longer in time as compared with the neuronal activity. Since each technique has its own characteristic features especially in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, it is important to adopt the most appropriate technique for solving each specific question, and it is useful to combine two techniques either simultaneously or in separate sessions. As for the multi-modal approach, the combined use of EEG and MEG, EEG and PET, or EEG and fMRI is applied for the simultaneous studies, and for the separate use of two different techniques, the information obtained from fMRI is used for estimating the generator source from EEG or MEG data (fMRI-con strained source estimation). Functional connectivity among different brain areas can be studied by using a single technique such as the EEG coherence or the correlation analysis of fMRI or PET data, or by combining the stimulation technique such as TMS with neuroimaging. Further advance of each technology and improvement in the analysis method will promote the understanding of precise functional specialization and inter-areal coupling, and will contribute to the increased efficacy of rapidly developing physiological treatments of neurological and psychiatric disorders. © 2007 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Record 18 of 23
Title: The role of biological system other than auditory air-conduction in the emergence of the hypersonic effect
Author(s): Oohashi, T (Oohashi, T); Kawai, N (Kawai, N); Nishina, E (Nishina, E); Honda, M (Honda, M); Yagi, R (Yagi, R); Nakamura, S (Nakamura, S); Morimoto, M (Morimoto, M); Maekawa, T (Maekawa, T); Yonekurai, Y (Yonekurai, Y); Shibasaki, H (Shibasaki, H)
Source: BRAIN RESEARCH Volume: 1073 Pages: 339-347 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.096 Published: FEB 16 2006
Abstract: Although human beings cannot perceive elastic vibrations in the frequency range above 20 kHz, nonstationary sounds containing a wealth of inaudible high-frequency components (HFC) above the human audible range activate deep-lying brain structures, including the brainstem and thalamus and evoke various physiological, psychological, and behavioral responses. In the previous reports, we have called these phenomena collectively "the hypersonic effect." It remains unclear, however, if vibratory stimuli above the audible range are transduced and perceived solely via the conventional air-conducting auditory system or if other mechanisms also contribute to mediate transduction and perception. In the present study, we have examined the emergence of the hypersonic effect when inaudible HFC and audible low-frequency components (LFC) were presented selectively to the ears, the entrance of an air-conducting auditory system, or to the body surface including the head which might contain some unknown vibratory sensing mechanisms. We used two independent measurements based on differing principles; one physiological (alpha 2 frequency of spontaneous electroencephalogram [alpha-EEG]) and the other behavioral (the comfortable listening level [CLL]). Only when the listener's entire body surface was exposed to HFC, but not when HFC was presented exclusively to the air-conducting auditory system, did both the alpha-EEG and the CLL significantly increase compared to the presentation of LFC alone, that is to say, there was an evident emergence of the hypersonic effect. The present findings suggest that the conventional air-conducting auditory system alone does not bring about the hypersonic effect. We may need to consider the possible involvement of a biological system distinct from the conventional air-conducting auditory nervous system in sensing and transducing high-frequency elastic vibration above the human audible range. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Record 19 of 23
Title: Modulatory effect of inaudible high-frequency sounds on human acoustic perception
Author(s): Yagi, R (Yagi, R); Nishina, E (Nishina, E); Honda, M (Honda, M); Oohashi, T (Oohashi, T)
Source: NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS Volume: 351 Issue: 3 Pages: 191-195 DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00884-X Published: NOV 20 2003
Abstract: We evaluated the effects of the intensity of an inaudible high-frequency component (HFC) of sound on human responses by employing a multi-parametric approach consisting of behavioral measurements of the comfortable listening level (CLL), psychological measurements of the subjective impression of sounds, and physiological measurements using electroencephalogram (EEG). Increasing the intensity of the inaudible HFC resulted in a significant increase in the CLL, the subjective impression of sounds, and the occipital alpha frequency component of the spontaneous EEG. These effects peaked with an increase of 6 dB in HFC intensity. The results of the present study suggest that the intensity of inaudible HFC non-linearly modulates human sound perception. © 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All fights reserved.

Record 20 of 23
Title: Super-audio CID: An introduction
Author(s): Janssen, E (Janssen, E); Reefman, D (Reefman, D)
Source: IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE Volume: 20 Issue: 4 Pages: 83-90 DOI: 10.1109/MSP.2003.1226728 Published: JUL 2003

Record 21 of 23
Title: Signal to noise: calculating the high-resolution-audio reality-to-hype ratio - Part 2
Author(s): Dipert, B (Dipert, B)
Source: EDN Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Pages: 30-+ Published: FEB 20 2003

Record 22 of 23
Title: Electroencephalographic measurement of possession trance in the field
Author(s): Oohashi, T (Oohashi, T); Kawai, N (Kawai, N); Honda, M (Honda, M); Nakamura, S (Nakamura, S); Morimoto, M (Morimoto, M); Nishina, E (Nishina, E); Maekawa, T (Maekawa, T)
Source: CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Volume: 113 Issue: 3 Pages: 435-445 Article Number: DOI: 10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00002-0 Published: MAR 2002
Abstract: Objectives: To verify the utility of a portable electroencephalogram (EEG) measurement system developed for investigating spontaneous EEG from vigorously moving healthy subjects in a possession trance under a natural condition.
Methods: A portable multi-channel EEG telemetry system was developed to record the EEGs of 3 healthy male Balinese while they were performing a ritual dedicatory drama in the field. After reducing extraneous artifacts using a digital filter, the EEGs and their power spectra were analyzed in terms of evolution from one state to another.
Results: During the drama, one of the subjects became possessed while the others did not. The EEG of the possessed subject did not show any pathological findings including epileptic discharges, but indicated enhanced power in the theta and alpha frequency bands during the trance. This finding was not observed in the other two subjects, who did not go into trances, with no pathological EEG findings.
Conclusions: The measurement system and data analysis methods we developed have allowed us, for the first time, to obtain an EEG from healthy subjects who are vigorously moving while in a possession trance. The present technique enables us to use a spontaneous EEG as a marker of the underlying physiology of a state of possession trance. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Record 23 of 23
Title: The auditory evoked magnetic fields to very high frequency tones
Author(s): Fujioka, T (Fujioka, T); Kakigi, R (Kakigi, R); Gunji, A (Gunji, A); Takeshima, Y (Takeshima, Y)
Source: NEUROSCIENCE Volume: 112 Issue: 2 Pages: 367-381 Article Number: DOI: 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00086-6 Published: 2002
Abstract: We studied the auditory evoked magnetic fields (AEFs) in response to pure tones especially at very high frequencies (from 4000 Hz to 40 000 Hz). This is the first systematic study of AEFs using tones above 5000 Hz, the upper audible range of humans, and ultrasound. We performed two experiments. In the first, AEFs were recorded in 12 subjects from both hernispheres under binaural listening conditions. Six types of auditory stimulus (pure tones of five different frequencies: 4000 Hz, 8000 Hz, 10 000 Hz, 12 000 Hz, 14 000 Hz, and a click sound as the target stimulus) were used. In the second experiment, we used 1000 Hz, 15 000 Hz, and two ultrasounds with frequencies of 20 000 Hz and 40 000 Hz. The subjects could detect all stimuli in the first experiment but not the ultrasounds in the second experiment.
We analyzed N1m, the main response with approximately 100 ins in peak latency, and made the following findings. (1) N1m responses to the tones up to 12000 Hz were clearly recorded from at least one hemisphere in all 12 subjects. N1m for 14000 Hz was identified in at least one hemisphere in 10 subjects, and in both hemispheres in six subjects. No significant response could be identified to ultrasounds over 20 000 Hz. (2) The amplitude of the N1m to the tones above 8000 Hz was significantly smaller than that to 4000 Hz in both hemispheres. There was a tendency for the peak latency of the N1m to be longer for the tones with higher frequencies, but no significant change was found. (3) The equivalent current dipole (ECD) of the N1m was located in the auditory cortex. There was a tendency for the ECD for the tones with higher frequencies to lie in more medial and posterior areas, but no significant change was found. (4) As for the interhemispheric difference, the N1m amplitude for all frequency tones was significantly larger and the ECDs were estimated to be located more anterior and medial in the right hemisphere than the left. The priority of the right hemisphere, that is the larger amplitude, for very high frequency tones was confirmed. (5) The orientation of the ECD in the left hemisphere became significantly more vertical the higher the tones. This result was consistent with previous studies which revealed the sensitivity of the frequency difference in the left hemisphere. From these findings we suggest that tonotopy in the auditory cortex exists up to the upper limit of audible range within the small area, where the directly air-conducted ultrasounds are not reflected. © 2002 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A couple reference requests

Reply #6 – 2014-10-15 17:22:56

pertinent JAES references returned using query 'hypersonic'

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How Can Sample Rates Be Properly Compared in Terms of Audio Quality?

A listening test was designed to compare audio quality using varying sample rates. A Yamaha Disklavier player piano was used as a repeatable acoustic source, and the signal from the microphone preamps was sent to three identical analog to digital converters of the same make and model. The digitized signals were then re-converted to analog and compared to the original "live" signal through the use of a four-way switcher. Sample rates were 44.1, 96, and 192 kHz. Technical setup and the "somewhat inconclusive" results are discussed, along with some possible options for future testing.

Authors: King, Richard; Levitin, Daniel; Leonard, Brett
Affiliations: McGill University; The Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology(See document for exact affiliation information.)
AES Convention:133 (October 2012) eBrief:77 Permalink Import into BibTeX
Publication Date:October 26, 2012

Psychoacoustic Measurement and Auditory Brainstem Response in the Frequency Range Between 10 kHz and 30 kHz

High-frequency components above 20 kHz can be recorded in recent high-resolution audio media. However, it is argued whether such the components can be perceived or not. In this paper, a psycho-acoustic measurement and auditory brainstem response in the high-frequency range are reported. In the psycho-acoustic measurement, some subjects could perceive the high-frequency sounds above 20 kHz and the auditory brainstem response could be measured for one subject at the frequency of 22 kHz. However, the sound pressure levels of the thresholds were beyond 80 dB in the both measurements. The results were unremarkable. Because auditory brainstem response is a direct signal from the auditory nerve, the nerve seems not to be stimulated by weak high-frequency sounds.

Authors: Ashihara, Kaoru; Kiryu, Shogo; Koubori, Motoi; Kyoso, Masaki; Omata, Mizuki
Affiliations: Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan; Tokyo City University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan(See document for exact affiliation information.)
AES Convention:129 (November 2010) Paper Number:8294 Permalink Import into BibTeX
Publication Date:November 4, 2010
Subject:Perception and Subjective Evaluation of Audio

An Ultra High Performance DAC with Controlled Time-Domain Response

This paper describes the design of an ultra-high performance stereo digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) employing advanced digital filtering techniques. Recently there has been a renewed interest in the time-domain properties of digital filters used for interpolation and decimation. Linear phase FIR filters, which have proliferated digital filter design for the last two decades, have the undesirable properties of pre-ringing and high group delay. Conversely, minimum phase filter filters, which offer lower levels of pre-ringing, do not have a uniform phase response. This paper describes the trade-offs in the design of filters with controlled pre-ringing, coupled with desirable phase and magnitude characteristics. The paper also describes architectural choices in the implementation of the DAC signal processing chain, required to achieve commensurate analogue performance.

Authors: Lesso, Paul; Magrath, Anthony J.
Affiliation: Wolfson Microelectronics
AES Convention:119 (October 2005) Paper Number:6577 Permalink Import into BibTeX
Publication Date:October 1, 2005
Subject:Audio Coding & Loudspeakers & Hi Resolution Audio

Differences of Hearing Impressions Among Several High Sampling Digital Recording Formats

To study the difference of hearing impression among several high sampling digital recording formats, we conducted subjective evaluation tests of perceptual discrimination among following digital recording formats: 48kHz 24bit PCM, 192kHz 24bit PCM and DSD. Sound stimuli for the evaluation were originally recorded to maintain the exact same quality of analog input feeds to the three A/D conversion systems. The sound reproduction system for the subjective evaluation tests was also carefully designed to reproduce the original quality of each digital recording format. Listening panels were selected from students and faculty stuffs of university of music, recording engineers, and musicians. A pair test method was applied to the subjective evaluation. Through the several evaluation tests, no significant difference was observed.

Authors: Hamasaki, Kimio; Nishiguchi, Toshiyuki
Affiliation: NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories
AES Convention:118 (May 2005) Paper Number:6469 Permalink Import into BibTeX
Publication Date:May 1, 2005
Subject:High Resolution Audio

Perceptual Discrimination of Very High Frequency Components in Musical Sound Recorded with a Newly Developed Wide Frequency Range Microphone

Subjective evaluation tests on perceptual discrimination between musical sounds with and without very high frequency (above 20 kHz) components have been conducted. To make a precise evaluation, the test system is designed to exclude any influence from very high frequency components in the audible frequency range. Moreover, various sound stimuli are originally recorded by a newly developed very wide frequency range microphone, in order to contain enough components in very high frequency range. Tests showed that some subjects might be able to discriminate between musical sounds with and without very high frequency components. This paper describes these subjective evaluations, and discusses the possibility of such discrimination as well as the high resolution audio recording of music.

Authors: Ando, Akio; Hamasaki, Kimio; Nisiguchi, Toshiyuki; Ono, Kazuho
Affiliations: NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan ; Kyushu University, Graduate School of Design, Fukuoka, Japan(See document for exact affiliation information.)
AES Convention:117 (October 2004) Paper Number:6298 Permalink Import into BibTeX
Publication Date:October 1, 2004
Subject:High Resolution Audio

Perceptual Discrimination between Musical Sounds with and without Very High Frequency Components

We conducted subjective evaluation tests to study perceptual discrimination between musical sounds with and without very high frequency components (above 21 kHz). In order to conduct strict evaluation tests, the sound reproduction system used for these tests was designed to exclude any leakage or influence of very high frequency components in the audible frequency range. Most of the sound stimuli used for the evaluation tests were newly recorded by the authors to maintain the highest quality for proper sound reproduction. The subjects were selected mainly from professional audio experts and musicians. The results showed that we can still neither confirm nor deny the possibility that some subjects could discriminate between musical sounds with and without very high frequency components.

Authors: Nishiguchi, Toshiyuki; Iwaki, Masakazu; Hamasaki, Kimio; Ando, Akio
Affiliation: NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan
AES Convention:115 (October 2003) Paper Number:5876 Permalink Import into BibTeX
Publication Date:October 1, 2003
Subject:High Resolution Audio

Why Direct Stream Digital (DSD) is the best choice as a digital audio format.

In this paper, an overview of Direct Stream Digital (DSD) signal processing is given. It is shown that 1-bit DSD signals can be dithered properly, so the resulting dithered DSD stream does not contain audible artifacts in a band from 0-100~kHz. It is also shown that signal processing can be done best in a high rate, multi-bit domain. Arguments are given that the minimal frequency span needed to comply with the human auditory system is roughly 0-300~kHz. Following the signal processing, final conversion to DSD is made. It is demonstrated that Super Audio CD (SACD) is a very efficient consumer format: it is the format which, while maintaining all necessary psycho-acoustical characteristics such has high band width, filtering with wide transition bands etc, uses the least bits from the disk; hence offering the longest playing time.

Authors: Nuijten, Peter; Reefman, Derk
Affiliation: Audio Research Group, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
AES Convention:110 (May 2001) Paper Number:5396 Permalink Import into BibTeX
Publication Date:May 1, 2001
Subject:Signal Processing for Audio

Coding Methods for High Resolution Recording Systems

This paper reviews the recording and reproduction chain from the viewpoints of digital audio engineering and psychoacoustics. It also attempts to define the audio requirements of a transparent digital audio channel. The theory and practice of selecting high sample rates such as 96kHz and word lengths of up to 24 bits are examined. The relative importance of sampling rate and word size at various points in the recording, mastering, transmission, and replay chain is discussed. The paper then examines types of coding that are capable of attaining the target performance, describing the advantages of schemes such as lossless coding, near-lossless coding, and matched noise shaping with pre-emphasis.

Author: Stuart, J. Robert
Affiliation: Meridian Audio Ltd., Stukeley Meadows, Huntingdon, UK
AES Convention:103 (September 1997) Paper Number:4639 Permalink Import into BibTeX
Publication Date:September 1, 1997
Subject:High-Resolution Recording Systems

The Next Generation Audio CD

The new DVD carrier will find immediate applications in computers and films. It provides a considerably-increased data storage and delivery rate compared with the Red Book CD.: : This paper examines the question of whether such a disc, by conveying more data, could significantly benefit audio applications. The paper focuses hard on the audio properties of digital channels, and in so doing, concludes that the current Red Book standard does not meet the highest performance requirements. Combining the need for more data per channel, with the obvious benefit that a multichannel format could provide, makes the conclusion a resounding yes! There is a need to develop this format!

Author: Stuart, J. Robert
Affiliation: Meridian Audio, Huntingdon, UK
AES Conference:UK 11th Conference: Audio for New Media (ANM) (March 1996)
Paper Number:ANM-03 Permalink Import into BibTeX
Publication Date:March 1, 1996
Subject:Audio for New Media

A couple reference requests

Reply #7 – 2014-10-17 08:49:48

Wow, that's a lot of info. Thank you !

A couple reference requests

Reply #8 – 2014-10-17 09:22:36

Re. Oohashi's credibility, I can't find any polar response graphs for his design [produced by Pioneer] ultrasonic tweeters, but generally the higher the frequency a tweeter reproduces, the more narrow its dispersion becomes, acting more like a spot light than a flood light in its spray pattern. Oohashi sits so far off axis to his special ultrasonic tweeters, a foot or more below them (the white square ones in this image) that I doubt he's even being hit by very much ultrasonic content [it's shooting over his head], and remember ultrasonics don't bounce around when they strike a room surface nearly as much as normal frequencies do. They tend to be absorbed more than bounce. You need direct, on axis exposure or you aren't getting them at all.

source: http://www.sidianersatzvanes.com/supplemen...sutomu-oohashi/

[sorry, the link may be bad]

Tweeter image:
http://www.pioneer.eu/images/products/tad/..._detailpage.jpg

Isn't it interesting that the same person who designed these tweeters, is the same one who conducted the study to see if they are audible, and also is the only movie music composer to ever make an ultrasonic movie which needs these tweeters to work, and ultrasonics to be audible in some sense, or his whole production efforts were for no good reason? What a startling coincidence.

A couple reference requests

Reply #9 – 2014-10-18 01:06:29

he seems a bit of a ~~crackpot~~ visionary

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